A) Women gained new economic opportunities as old Catholic ideas restricting them to domestic duties were overturned.
B) In Protestant areas of Europe, most female religious orders closed, confining women to wifehood and motherhood and denying them access to education and status.
C) The Protestant Puritan religion swept over many Western European societies and placed greater restrictions on sexual intimacy in marriage.
D) Most Protestant churches accorded women a greater religious and political equality, ending the patriarchal family in Protestant areas.
F) None of the above
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A) Cotton
B) Tobacco
C) Rice
D) Sugarcane
F) A) and B)
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A) Offer more free land for those willing to move to and settle in the new colony
B) Include significant numbers of unmarried English women to become settlers' wives
C) Allow the settlers to use Native Americans as workers on their plantations
D) Convert the Native women to Christianity so they could become wives for male settlers
F) A) and D)
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A) men left their mothers' homes upon marriage to live with their wives' families.
B) women established family identity and rights to use the land in each clan.
C) women, but not men, could end their marriages and choose new partners without stigma.
D) women decided who would serve as clan chief and when those chiefs had to relinquish the position.
F) A) and C)
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A) performed crucial tasks such as planting, harvesting, and processing food.
B) were in charge of domestic chores while men worked in the fields.
C) supplemented the food grown by the men by gathering berries.
D) assisted the men during harvesting, but spent most of their time doing domestic chores.
F) A) and C)
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A) Berdache were skilled hunters and earned great wealth through the fur trade.
B) Berdache were war leaders and were often sought by Native women as husbands.
C) Berdache were medicine women who had a stronger voice in the tribal council.
D) Berdache were spiritual individuals whose vision quest dictated they cross gender lines.
F) All of the above
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A) They accepted African women serving as political leaders of their tribes.
B) They approved of African women hunting with their husbands.
C) They were not interested in civilizing African women through marriage.
D) They considered the attire of African women appropriate and modest.
F) A) and C)
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A) Slavery became more controversial as Puritan colonists began to question the morality of owning another human being.
B) More men arrived in North America to work in the sugar, tobacco, and rice fields, creating severe gender imbalances.
C) English colonists became increasingly dependent on the continual importation of slaves because so many slaves died within the first three years of captivity.
D) The slave population became self-reproducing, with more people being born into slavery in North America than were imported from Africa.
F) B) and C)
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A) Women stopped working the field and joined men on the hunt for furs.
B) Men's involvement in fur hunting and trapping may have resulted in devalued status for women.
C) The French fur traders enslaved Native American women to skin and process the furs.
D) Warfare between the French and Native Americans led to the death of many males, disrupting families.
F) C) and D)
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A) Some Native Americans crossed gender lines and lived lives as the opposite sex.
B) Women could choose their spouses without permission of their parents.
C) Some women refused to marry and stayed single all their lives.
D) Men left their mother's house and moved into their wife's house.
F) All of the above
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A) Europeans generally worked African slaves to death because it cost less to replace them than to sustain them.
B) Africans were particularly susceptible to European diseases and as a result died in large numbers.
C) Like Europeans, African slaves were frequently victims of Native American raids on European settlements.
D) African slaves staged frequent revolts, which the Europeans regularly suppressed with massive executions.
F) All of the above
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A) especially valuable as wives because they could help the colony survive.
B) an excellent example for English women, who were soon made to grow food.
C) drudges and showed that their Native husbands were lazy and uncivilized.
D) useful slaves who would help the English make a profit growing tobacco.
F) All of the above
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A) was a former Jew who converted to Christianity in Mexico.
B) refused to relinquish her position as abbess of the first American convent.
C) spoke out against the enslavement of Native American women.
D) served as a teacher and spiritual advisor to Native American girls.
F) B) and D)
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A) The Spanish only married white women and preferred to maintain Native American women as their concubines.
B) French men integrated themselves into Native American culture, whereas Spanish men forced their Native wives to integrate into European culture.
C) The French demanded that their Native American wives convert to Catholicism, whereas the Spanish allowed them to retain Native religions.
D) Spanish men used their relations with Native women to achieve alliances, whereas the French marriages angered tribal leaders and led to warfare.
F) All of the above
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A) She wanted to challenge Spain's Queen Isabella.
B) She wished to spread the Protestant faith to new lands.
C) She hoped to use the land to attract a royal marriage.
D) She hoped farming in North America would give England needed food.
F) A) and C)
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A) lived in static, peaceful societies that rarely changed.
B) regularly engaged in trade with each other.
C) enjoyed a uniform culture that spread across the continent.
D) made few distinctions between the roles of women and men.
F) C) and D)
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A) They attacked African peoples and forced prisoners of war to become slaves.
B) They cooperated with African slave traders, who traded some of their captives to them.
C) They brought Native American women to trade for African women.
D) They traded tobacco from North America to African merchants in exchange for slaves.
F) C) and D)
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A) Using wealth confiscated from the expelled Spanish Jews
B) By the sale of Queen Isabella's jewels
C) Through a loan from Spanish Moors
D) With gold raised through the sale of African slaves
F) A) and B)
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A) hostile and dangerous.
B) immoral and sexually promiscuous.
C) suitable and willing wives.
D) sexually unattractive.
F) B) and C)
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A) humane because African captives were treated well since they were so valuable.
B) focused on buying and selling female slaves than male slaves.
C) closely regulated by European governments for compliance with fair trading practices.
D) brutal and more deadly, as African slaves shipped to the Americas were often worked to death.
F) B) and D)
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