Question 1

Socialization between parents and children is not a one-way process. Parents do socialize with children, but socialization in families is bidirectional. Identify the term used to describe this type of socialization.

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal...

Question 2

Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?

Accepted Answer

A)   Do not soothe the baby because he or she will be spoiled.
B)   Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
C)   Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child.
D)   Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 3

Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed about her situation and frequently neglects her eight-month-old son and his needs. On several occasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is most likely to develop a(n)  ________ toward her.

Accepted Answer

A)   insecure avoidant attachment
B)   insecure disorganized attachment
C)   insecure resistant attachment
D)   secure attachmentE) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true about scaffolding?

Accepted Answer

A)   Studies indicate that when adults used explicit scaffolding (encouragement)  with 13- and 14-month-old infants, they were twice as likely to engage in helping behavior as were their counterparts who did not receive the scaffolding.
B)   A study of disadvantaged families revealed that an intervention designed to enhance maternal scaffolding with infants was linked to lower cognitive skills when the children were 4 years old.
C)   Turn taking and games like peek-a-boo seldom reflect the development of joint attention by the caregiver and the infant.
D)   Scaffolding discourages parental support in children's efforts; the emphasis is on allowing children to be more skillful by relying only on their own abilities.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 5

Parker is in the Strange Situation, where he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being

Accepted Answer

A)   securely attached.
B)   insecure avoidant.
C)   insecure resistant.
D)   insecure disorganized.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

Explain how the quality and quantity of child care affect children.

Accepted Answer

When the quality of caregiving was high,...

Question 7

An inhibited temperament has been associated with

Accepted Answer

A)   low thyroxine levels.
B)   unstable heart rate.
C)   low levels of the hormone cortisol.
D)   high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 8

Jeremy is a securely attached infant, while Jason is an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   There will be no differences in their social functioning by age eight.
B)   Jeremy is likely to have more learning difficulties in elementary school than Jason.
C)   Jeremy is likely to be more shy and withdrawn than Jason.
D)   Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 9

One study of two- and three-year-old children revealed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   decrease in reciprocal socialization.
B)   increase in behavioral problems.
C)   increase in prosocial behavior.
D)   increase in secure attachment.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 10

According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n)  ________ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations.

Accepted Answer

A)   extraverted
B)   insecurely attached
C)   easily adaptable
D)   slow-to-warm-upE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

Accepted Answer

A)   Social referencing
B)   Secure attachment
C)   Goodness of fit
D)   Reciprocal socializationE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from playing in the backyard or the garden of their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns

Accepted Answer

A)   goodness of fit.
B)   nonreciprocal interactions.
C)   social dysfunction.
D)   insecure attachment.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 13

The ________ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.

Accepted Answer

A)   internal working
B)   external working
C)   Strange Situation
D)   developmental cascadeE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 14

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament

Accepted Answer

A)   is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, it can be modified to some degree by experiences.
B)   is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment.
C)   is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input.
D)   results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 15

The ________ mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992.

Accepted Answer

A)   United Nations
B)   United States
C)   European Union
D)   WHOE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

________ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

Accepted Answer

A)   Reciprocal socializations
B)   Developmental cascades
C)   Secure attachments
D)   ScaffoldingE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true about the transition to parenthood?

Accepted Answer

A)   All mothers are satisfied with their partners' efforts in parenting.
B)   Women do less than an hour of additional work during the transition to parenthood in comparison to 40 minutes for men.
C)   Couples agree that babies either bring them closer or move them apart.
D)   Research shows that all married couples report an increase in marriage satisfaction after the baby is born.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 18

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

Accepted Answer

A)   in infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed
B)   in infants' awareness of their selves as an independent entity
C)   in infants' development of more finely refined sensory perceptions, such as vision and hearing
D)   in infants' ability to manipulate objects in an effective mannerE) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 19

Distinguish between primary emotions and self-conscious or other-conscious emotions. Give an example of each type of emotion.

Accepted Answer

Primary emotions are emotions that are p...

Question 20

In which of the following situations will 9-month-old Lucy show the most stranger anxiety?

Accepted Answer

A)   when she meets a stranger in her home
B)   when she meets another 9-month-old baby at her usual child care facility
C)   when she meets a stranger in an unfamiliar place
D)   when she meets her caregiver after spending the entire day at the child care facilityE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Exam 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

Correct Answer
verified

Parker is in the Strange Situation, where he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being

Correct Answer
verified

One study of two- and three-year-old children revealed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to a(n)

Correct Answer
verified

An inhibited temperament has been associated with

Correct Answer
verified

The ________ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements is true about the transition to parenthood?

Correct Answer
verified

In which of the following situations will 9-month-old Lucy show the most stranger anxiety?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements is true about scaffolding?

Correct Answer
verified

Distinguish between primary emotions and self-conscious or other-conscious emotions. Give an example of each type of emotion.

Correct Answer
verified
Primary emotions are emotions that are p...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Socialization between parents and children is not a one-way process. Parents do socialize with children, but socialization in families is bidirectional. Identify the term used to describe this type of socialization.

Correct Answer
verified
Reciprocal...
View Answer

The ________ mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992.

Correct Answer
verified

________ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?

Correct Answer
verified

Explain how the quality and quantity of child care affect children.

Correct Answer
verified
When the quality of caregiving was high,...
View Answer

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

Correct Answer
verified

Jeremy is a securely attached infant, while Jason is an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is true?

Correct Answer
verified

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from playing in the backyard or the garden of their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns

Correct Answer
verified

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament

Correct Answer
verified

According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) ________ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations.

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Parker is in the Strange Situation, where he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One study of two- and three-year-old children revealed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An inhibited temperament has been associated with

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The ________ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true about the transition to parenthood?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In which of the following situations will 9-month-old Lucy show the most stranger anxiety?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true about scaffolding?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Distinguish between primary emotions and self-conscious or other-conscious emotions. Give an example of each type of emotion.

Correct AnswerverifiedPrimary emotions are emotions that are p...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Socialization between parents and children is not a one-way process. Parents do socialize with children, but socialization in families is bidirectional. Identify the term used to describe this type of socialization.

Correct AnswerverifiedReciprocal...View AnswerShow Answer

The ________ mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

________ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how the quality and quantity of child care affect children.

Correct AnswerverifiedWhen the quality of caregiving was high,...View AnswerShow Answer

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jeremy is a securely attached infant, while Jason is an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from playing in the backyard or the garden of their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) ________ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Primary emotions are emotions that are p...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Reciprocal...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
When the quality of caregiving was high,...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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