A) Medina to Mecca.
B) Mecca to Quadratic.
C) Medina to Quadratic.
D) Quadratic to Mecca.
E) Mecca to Medina.
G) B) and E)
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B) False
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A) Constantine never administered the Roman Empire from Constantinople.
B) Greek was the only language ever used by Roman emperors in Constantinople.
C) the Byzantine Empire considered itself the uninterrupted successor of the Roman Empire.
D) Justinian resisted new forms of thought and art throughout his life.
E) it began during the so-called Dark Ages during which very few records were kept.
G) B) and D)
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C
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A) a newly imposed tax to protect Byzantium's borders.
B) Emperor Leo's decision to stop wearing the toga, the symbol of imperial manhood.
C) wage controls.
D) the use of religious images for devotion.
E) the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist.
G) A) and B)
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B) False
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A) the Tigris-Euphrates basin of Mesopotamia.
B) the Nile Delta.
C) Syria and Lebanon.
D) Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey.
E) its capital, Constantinople.
G) A) and E)
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A) comprised of small and isolated communities.
B) focused on trade only within its borders.
C) cosmopolitan but lacked manufacturing capacity and so traded little.
D) manufacturing and trading goods widely in Africa, Europe, and Asia.
E) only interested in establishing trade connections with Europe.
G) A) and E)
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A) a highly centralized palace government.
B) a predictable system of succession to the imperial throne.
C) an efficient bureaucracy.
D) regulated wages and prices.
E) a ruthlessly effective army.
G) B) and E)
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A) members of the Carolingian family regularly became popes.
B) the Carolingians founded a new capital for their empire in Rome.
C) first-born sons of the king henceforth became king automatically on the death of their father.
D) the pope became directly responsible for the welfare of the Carolingian Empire.
E) the power of kings was theoretically limited.
G) A) and B)
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Justinian's rapid conquest of the Vandal...View Answer
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The Islamic Empire was united only for a very short time after the death of Muhammad.In 644,the caliph Umar died and was replaced by a member of the Umayyad dynasty,a family that had initially resisted Muhammad.Some opposed the new caliph and supported Ali,Muhammad's son-in-law.This was the beginning of the Sunni-Shiite split in Islam that still exists today.Shiite Muslims argued that only descendents of Ali and Muhammad's daughter Fatima should be allowed to rule the emerging Muslim world.The Sunnis supported the Umayyads and a wider range of possible leaders.
After some initial rivalry,the Umayyad dynasty emerged victorious and led the caliphate until 750,when a new group,the Abbasids,challenged their authority.In 750,the Abbasids led a successful rebellion that forced the Umayyads to retreat to Spain,the furthest edge of the Islamic world.Relations between the two rivals remained cordial,but cold.
The Abbasids ruled from Baghdad for centuries,but after 1000 the agricultural base of much of the dynasty's wealth in Mesopotamia was impoverished by climate and other ecological crises and by a slave revolt.Tax revenues were also declining as rulers of individual provinces of the empire became to take more for themselves.The expenses of the Abbasid army and civil service became too great to fully maintain them.At the same time,regional rulers were becoming more powerful.In 909,the Fatimids,a Shiite group,took control of North Africa from the Abbasids.By 970,they had conquered Egypt.Another Shiite group,rivals of both the Fatimids and the Abbasids,attacked the Abbasid capital of Baghdad in 927 and Mecca itself in 930.The Abbasids hung on to power,but they were significantly weakened.They were finally conquered by the Mongols in 1258,leaving the Fatimids in place in Egypt and a new Muslim power emerging in Persia.
In Spain too,the united territories of the Umayyad dynasty were breaking down.By the mid-ninth century,Christian kingdoms were taking over parts of the Umayyad territory.In other parts,Umayyad control fragmented and many small Muslim states were created.
Certainly by the twelfth century,the hope of a single,united Islamic caliphate was shattered.In part,these fissures represent political rivalries.However,they also reflect intolerance of religious difference within Islam.
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A) Aisha
B) Yasmina
C) Fatimah
D) Khadijah
E) Sawda
G) B) and E)
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A) introducing cursive script.
B) ensuring all copyists wrote in block letters only.
C) testing all copyists for literacy.
D) introducing the comma.
E) creating a simplified script and introducing punctuation.
G) C) and D)
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A) places of economic import only.
B) founded in cities.
C) places of political, religious, and economic import.
D) places of religious import only.
E) places of political import only.
G) A) and C)
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B) False
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B) False
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False
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The Carolingians gained power by acting ...View Answer
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A) sale or handing over of Byzantine portraits to the Muslims.
B) destruction of nearly all pre-eighth-century religious art in the Byzantine Empire.
C) adoption of conservative clothing styles by nobles and common people.
D) gradual acceptance of religious diversity in the East.
E) banning of all monastic orders within the Byzantine Empire.
G) B) and C)
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A) was careful to observe the distinctions between religious and political authority established by Saint Augustine of Hippo.
B) placed the Frankish church under the control of the pope, while he ruled the kingdom politically.
C) took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government.
D) became a monk at the end of his life, thus ensuring his own salvation.
E) established his empire as a theocratic state ruled by the laws set forth in the Bible.
G) None of the above
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A) Alfred.
B) Arthur.
C) Bede.
D) Charles.
E) Thomas.
G) C) and D)
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