A) People need strong rulers_____.
B) Justice will always bring it about_____.
C) People are naturally social creatures_____.
D) People in their natural state will not do well on their own_____.
F) All of the above
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A) democratically-elected officials
B) everyone having a constructive role to play
C) people being able to cultivate virtues
D) education being made available to everyone
F) B) and C)
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A) justice
B) virtue
C) work
D) equality
F) All of the above
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The concept of a "social contract" refer...View Answer
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A) It costs too much to interfere with people's lives.
B) People know enough not to harm themselves.
C) The government does not know enough to do so well.
D) When there is interference, it is typically not to the person's advantage.
F) A) and C)
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A) The good of the government comes first_____.
B) Individuals rely on their social nature to thrive_____.
C) The state is composed of many individuals_____.
D) A diverse population is required for a healthy community_____.
F) C) and D)
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Plato, the ancient Greek philosopher, ap...View Answer
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A) communism is interested in equality
B) communism is interested in regulating commerce
C) socialism is interested in the welfare of the community
D) socialism is interested in its members producing what they need
F) B) and D)
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, and J...View Answer
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In Kant's theory of moral obligation, ma...View Answer
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Plato's view of the ideal state was not ...View Answer
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A) social utility
B) equality
C) education
D) consent
F) B) and D)
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Søren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosoph...View Answer
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All existentialist ethical systems share a few key ideas in common. Firstly, they emphasize individual freedom and responsibility. Existentialists believe that individuals have the freedom to make their own choices and are responsible for the consequences of those choices. This emphasis on personal agency is a central tenet of existentialist ethics.
Secondly, existentialist ethical systems often reject traditional moral frameworks and instead focus on the subjective experience of the individual. They argue that moral values are not universal and objective, but rather are created and defined by each individual based on their own experiences and beliefs.
Additionally, existentialist ethics often emphasize the importance of authenticity and living in accordance with one's true self. This means being true to one's own values and beliefs, rather than conforming to societal expectations or norms.
Finally, existentialist ethical systems often grapple with the concept of existential dread or anxiety, and the search for meaning in a seemingly indifferent or absurd world. This can lead to a focus on the importance of creating one's own meaning and purpose in life, rather than relying on external sources of meaning.
Overall, existentialist ethical systems share a focus on individual freedom, subjective morality, authenticity, and the search for meaning in a seemingly chaotic world.
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A) preventing awareness of how things will end up
B) ensuring that no one dominates anyone else
C) not knowing in advance what advantages you would have
D) insurance that no one has an unfair advantage
F) None of the above
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John Stuart Mill's theory of social just...View Answer
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Peter Singer is a contemporary philosopher who is well-known for his work in applied ethics, particularly in the area of animal rights and global poverty. He applies the principles of utilitarianism, which is a normative ethical theory that suggests that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, usually defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number of people.
Singer's approach to utilitarianism is largely influenced by the classical utilitarian philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, but with his own distinctive emphasis on the consideration of non-human animals and the imperative of taking action to alleviate suffering globally.
Here are some key ways in which Peter Singer applies utilitarianism:
1. **Animal Liberation**: In his seminal work "Animal Liberation," Singer argues that the principle of equal consideration of interests should be extended to non-human animals. He posits that the capacity to suffer or experience pleasure should be the basis for moral consideration, not the species of the being. This leads him to argue against practices that cause suffering to animals, such as factory farming and animal experimentation, because they do not maximize overall utility.
2. **Effective Altruism**: Singer is a proponent of effective altruism, a movement that applies evidence and reason to determine the most effective ways to benefit others. He argues that we have a moral obligation to use our resources to help those who are suffering the most, typically those in extreme poverty. Utilitarianism informs this view because it seeks to maximize the positive impact of our actions, and Singer suggests that we can do the most good by strategically directing our charitable efforts.
3. **The Expanding Circle**: Singer's concept of the "expanding circle" is a metaphor for the growing inclusion of different beings within the scope of moral concern. He argues that just as moral concern has historically expanded to include all humans regardless of race or sex, it should further expand to include animals. This is a utilitarian idea because it promotes actions that consider the well-being of a larger number of sentient beings.
4. **Practical Ethics**: In his work on practical ethics, Singer applies utilitarian principles to a range of contemporary ethical issues, from euthanasia and abortion to wealth inequality and environmental concerns. He consistently seeks to determine which actions will lead to the best outcomes for all affected parties, often challenging conventional moral intuitions and societal norms.
Singer's application of utilitarianism is characterized by a rigorous and often controversial examination of the consequences of our actions. He encourages individuals to make choices that are not just good for themselves or their immediate circle, but for the broader community of sentient beings. His work has had a significant influence on both academic philosophy and public discourse on ethics.
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A social contract is a theoretical conce...View Answer
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A) protect private property
B) protect people from each other
C) give people common goals
D) teach people virtues
F) C) and D)
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A) being fair to as many people as possible
B) giving criminals what they deserve
C) treating people like they want to be treated
D) providing for people's basic needs
F) A) and D)
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