Question 1

What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?

Accepted Answer

A)   warm temperatures; very moist
B)   low temperatures; very dry
C)   high temperatures; very dry
D)   low temperatures; very moistE) A) and B)
F) A) and C) A

Question 2

Caliche is an excessive accumulation of_________ .

Accepted Answer

A)   calcite in the E horizon of a pedalfer
B)   clays in hardpan layers of a pedocal
C)   calcium carbonate in the B horizon of a pedocal
D)   clays in the A horizon of a lateriteE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 3

Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock?

Accepted Answer

A)   frost wedging
B)   eluviation
C)   oxidation
D)   hydrologic cyclingE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 4

The principal causes of mechanical fragmentation of rocks in place are__________ .

Accepted Answer

A)   the relentless actions of Sisyphus
B)   always inscrutable because they happened at some time in the past
C)   erosion and transport by moving wind, water, or ice
D)   biologic activity, expansion from unloading, frost wedgingE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 5

The physical removal of dissolved or disaggregated rock from the site of weathering by wind, water, or ice is termed ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   ablation
B)   recidivism
C)   erosion
D)   solifluctionE) None of the above
F) A) and B) C

Question 6

The three major processes involved in chemical weathering are_______ .

Accepted Answer

A)   carbonation, dissimulation, and salinization
B)   recrystallization, pitting, and rinsing
C)   precipitation, ion exchange reactions, and degasification
D)   dissolution, hydrolysis, and oxidationE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 7

________As increases the surface area of a rock or mineral, this allows_________ to occur at a faster rate.

Accepted Answer

A)   infernal weathering, mechanistic weathering
B)   recrystallization, carnal weathering
C)   mechanical weathering, chemical weathering
D)   chemical weathering, mechanical weatheringE) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 8

Which is the common soil formed in dry young forest with long winters as in Yukon?

Accepted Answer

A)   brunisol
B)   cryosol
C)   podzol
D)   gleysolE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 9

Which of the following statements concerning lateritic soils is generally false?

Accepted Answer

A)   They remain highly productive agriculturally without additions of fertilizers.
B)   They consist of only the most insoluble, soil- forming minerals such as iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and clays.
C)   They form in warm, moist, tropical climates.
D)   They are mainly red in colour.E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of eluviation?

Accepted Answer

A)   buildup of calcite in the B horizon of pedocal soils
B)   removal of soluble chemical constituents from the A and B soil horizons
C)   Percolating water removes very fine- sized silt and clay particles from the A and E soil horizons.
D)   feldspar decomposition and leaching of the soluble products from the C soil horizonE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 11

How long do the acid generating gases from fossil fuel combustion remain in the lower levels of the atmosphere and how far do they travel?

Accepted Answer

A)   weeks to months; only locally
B)   less than a few hours; a few kilometres
C)   several years; around the world
D)   a few hours to a few days; up to several thousand kilometresE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 12

In which area would weathering by frost wedging probably be most effective?

Accepted Answer

A)   in moist, temperate climates
B)   in cool, high desert areas
C)   where the subsoil is permanently frozen
D)   in a moist, tropical forestE) A) and B)
F) B) and C) A

Question 13

Which of the following describes a characteristic process in the formation of a pedalfer soil?

Accepted Answer

A)   Humus accumulates below the solum in the C horizon.
B)   Soil bacteria produce organic acids that precipitate calcium carbonate in the B horizon.
C)   Clays are eluviated upward from the C horizon.
D)   Iron oxides and aluminum- rich clays are precipitated in the B horizon.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 14

What is represented by the A, E, B, and C soil horizons in luvisol, podsol, or chernozem?

Accepted Answer

A)   multiple caliche horizons
B)   buried humus layers
C)   an in situ response to an extended period of weathering
D)   primary, depositional layering in a transported soilE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 15

Which term describes a soil formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock?

Accepted Answer

A)   transubstantiated
B)   residual
C)   transported
D)   relictE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 16

Which of the following statements concerning humus is false?

Accepted Answer

A)   consists of decaying and partly decayed leaves and other plant materials
B)   is less abundant in wet, tropical, forested areas than in temperate, forested areas
C)   is readily leached from the B horizon in weakly acidic, soil solutions
D)   is typically found above the B soil horizonE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 17

Which of the following statements about laterites or tropical rainforests is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Laterites, with proper management, are very suitable for commercial agriculture.
B)   Laterite soils readily compact and harden when dried and exposed to sunlight.
C)   Laterite soils are very rich in nutrients required for vigorous plant growth.
D)   Rainforests regenerate quickly following clear cutting or clearing for agriculture.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 18

Why is the humus layer typically thicker in a cool, temperate, forest soil than in a tropical rainforest soil?

Accepted Answer

A)   In a tropical rainforest, the forest- floor litter is often burned during the dry season.
B)   Less humus is produced in the tropical rainforest because the B horizon is so poorly developed.
C)   More humus is produced in the tropical rainforest, but it is quickly washed away by the heavy rains.
D)   Less humus is produced in the cool, temperate forest but the rate of decay and oxidation is slower than in a tropical rainforest.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 19

In which of the following climates would rates of chemical weathering generally be highest?

Accepted Answer

A)   warm and moist
B)   cold and moist
C)   cold and dry
D)   warm and dryE) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 20

Which of the following affects both the kind of soil and its rate of formation?

Accepted Answer

A)   meteorite showers
B)   type of vegetation cover
C)   sun spot activity
D)   plants and animals, climate, and parent materialE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Exam 16: Groundwater

What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?

Correct AnswerverifiedA

Caliche is an excessive accumulation of_________ .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The principal causes of mechanical fragmentation of rocks in place are__________ .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The physical removal of dissolved or disaggregated rock from the site of weathering by wind, water, or ice is termed ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedC

The three major processes involved in chemical weathering are_______ .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

________As increases the surface area of a rock or mineral, this allows_________ to occur at a faster rate.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which is the common soil formed in dry young forest with long winters as in Yukon?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements concerning lateritic soils is generally false?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following best describes the process of eluviation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How long do the acid generating gases from fossil fuel combustion remain in the lower levels of the atmosphere and how far do they travel?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In which area would weathering by frost wedging probably be most effective?

Correct AnswerverifiedA

Which of the following describes a characteristic process in the formation of a pedalfer soil?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is represented by the A, E, B, and C soil horizons in luvisol, podsol, or chernozem?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which term describes a soil formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements concerning humus is false?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements about laterites or tropical rainforests is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is the humus layer typically thicker in a cool, temperate, forest soil than in a tropical rainforest soil?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In which of the following climates would rates of chemical weathering generally be highest?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following affects both the kind of soil and its rate of formation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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As increases the surface area of a rock or mineral, this allows_ to occur at a faster rate.

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