Question 1

Every time he drinks, Boris has a painful hangover the morning after. But he continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. Boris' continued drinking illustrates the power of

Accepted Answer

A)   generalization.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   extinction.
D)   immediate reinforcement.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 2

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)   Shaping
B)   discrimination
C)   generalization
D)   cognitive processesE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 3

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)   shaping.
B)   intermittent reinforcement.
C)   discrimination.
D)   spontaneous recovery.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   studying for a test.
B)   blushing when embarrassed.
C)   thanking someone for their help.
D)   sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor.E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   shaping.
B)   generalization.
C)   latent learning.
D)   spontaneous recovery.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

Accepted Answer

A)   studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes
B)   inserting coins into a slot machine
C)   paying a cashier for a candy bar
D)   checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrivedE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 7

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforcer.
B)   conditioned stimulus.
C)   conditioned reinforcer.
D)   unconditioned stimulus.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 8

Antonio's football coach frequently yells at him for swearing. As a result, Antonio now experiences anxiety when he's near his coach. The coach is a(n)  ________ for Antonio's anxiety.

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforce
B)   conditioned stimulus
C)   secondary reinforce
D)   unconditioned stimulusE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 9

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called

Accepted Answer

A)   reinforcement.
B)   learning.
C)   modeling.
D)   shaping.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by

Accepted Answer

A)   Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.
B)   Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response.
C)   Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning in infants.
D)   Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children.E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 11

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

Accepted Answer

A)   can interfere with the process of learning.
B)   can be used as negative reinforcers.
C)   are acquired through observational learning.
D)   may be produced through classical conditioning.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

Accepted Answer

A)   decrease; increase
B)   increase; decrease
C)   increase; increase
D)   have no effect on; decreaseE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 13

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.

Accepted Answer

A)   mirror neurons
B)   Modeling
C)   a cognitive map
D)   shapingE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 14

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)   Delayed
B)   intermittent
C)   conditioned
D)   negativeE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-interval
B)   fixed-ratio
C)   variable-interval
D)   variable-ratioE) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   unpredictable time period has elapsed.
B)   specified time period has elapsed.
C)   specified number of responses has been made.
D)   unpredictable number of responses has been made.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 17

An automatic response to some stimulus is called

Accepted Answer

A)   associative learning.
B)   respondent behavior.
C)   observational learning.
D)   operant behavior.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 18

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

Accepted Answer

A)   US.
B)   UR.
C)   CS.
D)   CR.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 19

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforcers.
B)   generalization.
C)   spontaneous recovery.
D)   punishment.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 20

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, ________ will soon take place.

Accepted Answer

A)   Generalization
B)   Discrimination
C)   extinction
D)   aversionE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Exam 7: States of Consciousness

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An automatic response to some stimulus is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, ________ will soon take place.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Antonio's football coach frequently yells at him for swearing. As a result, Antonio now experiences anxiety when he's near his coach. The coach is a(n) ________ for Antonio's anxiety.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Every time he drinks, Boris has a painful hangover the morning after. But he continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. Boris' continued drinking illustrates the power of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Positive reinforcers the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers the rate of operant responding.

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