A) Direct cell-to-cell contact is required for this process, and this is more likely to be achieved in the plate format than in the fluid format (especially for relatively non-motile types of bacteria) .
B) Direct cell-to-cell contact isn't required for this process, so the ability to secrete the DNA into the surrounding fluid medium makes the process more efficient than the dry surface of an agar plate.
C) Direct cell-to-cell contact is required for this process, and this is more likely to be achieved in the fluid liquid format than on an agar plate (especially for relatively non-motile types of bacteria) .
D) Trick question-it can take place with the same degree of efficiency on either format. It doesn't matter!
E) Agitation is only needed if the bacteria are known to be non-motile and can't move around on a solid medium. Otherwise, it doesn't really matter what type of medium is used as long as it contains chemicals to make cells competent.
G) B) and C)
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A) the sex pilus.
B) recipient cell DNA replication.
C) antibiotic resistance.
D) the Y chromosome.
E) bacterial flagella.
G) None of the above
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A) are the simplest type of transposon, code for a transposase enzyme AND can produce pili.
B) code for a transposase enzyme AND are characterized by an inverted repeat.
C) are characterized by an inverted repeat AND can produce pili.
D) can produce pili AND are the simplest type of transposon.
E) are the simplest type of transposon, code for a transposase enzyme, AND are characterized by an inverted repeat.
G) B) and E)
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A) radiation.
B) alkylating agents.
C) nitrous acid.
D) base analogs.
E) intercalating agents.
G) A) and B)
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A) phase variation.
B) antigenic sensing.
C) two-component control.
D) transduction.
E) gene splicing.
G) A) and B)
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A) ellipsis.
B) transduction.
C) replica plating.
D) transformation.
E) conjugation.
G) D) and E)
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B) False
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A) base analogs.
B) intercalating agents.
C) transposons.
D) inverted repeats.
E) mutagens.
G) D) and E)
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A) You would get the same results whether you add this enzyme of not because penicillin naturally rapidly degrades in agar.
B) The prototrophs would be able to grow on the agar plates but the auxotrophs would not.
C) The auxotrophs would be able to grow on the agar plates but the prototrophs would not.
D) Prototrophs and auxotrophs would both be killed by the penicillin; only Penᴿ mutants would grow and you would not enrich for auxotrophs.
E) Prototroph and auxotroph colonies would change color from cream to red in the presence of the penicillin.
G) C) and D)
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A) conjugation AND transformation.
B) conjugation AND transposons.
C) transformation AND transduction.
D) transduction AND transposons.
E) transformation AND transposons.
G) B) and E)
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A) It is a point mutation-a single base pair is altered, causing the change of one amino acid in the protein that changes the function of that protein.
B) It is a point mutation-a single base pair is altered, causing the change of one amino acid in the protein that stops the correct formation of a protein.
C) It is a point mutation-a single base pair is altered, causing the change of one amino acid in the protein that does not affect the function of that protein.
D) It is a frameshift mutation-base pairs are added or deleted, causing the change of one or more amino acids in the protein but does not affect the function of that protein.
E) It is a point mutation-several base pairs are altered, causing the change of many amino acids in the protein that completely changes the function of that protein.
G) All of the above
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A) the genotype of bacteria that lack a functional gene for histidine synthesis AND bacteria that are auxotrophic for histidine.
B) the genotype of bacteria that have a functional gene for histidine synthesis AND bacteria that require addition of histidine to the growth medium.
C) the genotype of bacteria that have a functional gene for histidine synthesis AND bacteria that are auxotrophic for histidine.
D) the genotype of bacteria that lack a functional gene for histidine synthesis AND bacteria that have a hers gene.
E) the genotype of bacteria that lack a functional gene for histidine synthesis AND bacteria that do not require addition of histidine to the growth medium.
G) All of the above
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A) It is a unique viral infection of plants.
B) It results from the transfer of a transposon to the plant.
C) It results from an Agrogallerium infection of the plant.
D) It results from the incorporation of bacterial plasmid DNA into the plant chromosome.
E) It results from the incorporation of plant plasmid DNA into the bacterial chromosome.
G) None of the above
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A) The patient has become resistant to penicillin and he needs to take a different medication.
B) The bacteria causing the infection are resistant to penicillin; a different antibiotic is needed.
C) Bacteria are never killed by a single type of antibiotic; combinations of drugs are needed.
D) Penicillin has been overused by people and it no longer works against any bacteria; it can be used against viruses.
E) The patient's body is neutralizing the antibiotic; he needs to take a probiotic to help the penicillin work.
G) All of the above
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A) will respond to chemical agents.
B) are mutagens.
C) respond to the deletion of DNAses.
D) will protect an organism from cancer.
E) will respond to chemical agents AND will protect an organism from cancer.
G) C) and D)
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A) The bacteria in the colonies are His−, Val−, Trp⁺, Leu⁺.
B) The bacteria in the colonies are His−, Val⁺, Trp⁺, Leu⁺.
C) The bacteria in the colonies are His−, Val−, Trp−, Leu−.
D) The bacteria in the colonies are His⁺, Val⁺, Trp⁺, Leu⁺.
E) The bacteria in the colonies are His⁺, Val⁺, Trp⁺, Leu⁺, Penᴿ.
G) A) and C)
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A) X-rays.
B) alkylating agents.
C) UV radiation.
D) microwave radiation.
E) heat.
G) A) and D)
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A) preventing DNA replication.
B) inhibiting transcription.
C) stopping capsule formation.
D) inhibiting protein synthesis.
E) preventing protein packaging.
G) B) and E)
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A) act during RNA synthesis AND often result in frameshift mutations.
B) act during RNA synthesis AND change the hydrogen bonding properties of nucleotides.
C) act during DNA synthesis AND often result in frameshift mutations.
D) change the hydrogen bonding properties of nucleotides AND always result in nonsense mutations.
E) act during DNA synthesis AND always result in nonsense mutations.
G) B) and E)
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A) Deletion of two consecutive nucleotides
B) Addition of one nucleotide
C) Addition or deletion of three consecutive nucleotides
D) Substitution of one nucleotide AND addition of one nucleotide
E) Addition of two consecutive nucleotides
G) A) and C)
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