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Which item is a potential source of internal invalidity?


A) passage of time
B) inconsistent findings across different groups of participants
C) observer disagreement
D) conflicting scores on multiple test days

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Who bears the GREATEST responsibility for ensuring that children are unharmed when participating in psychological research?


A) government
B) university at which the research is conducted
C) individual researcher
D) participants

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Professor Stetson would like to examine whether children who are high math achievers have better memories than do low math achievers. Her research should utilize


A) a clinical interview.
B) a laboratory experiment.
C) a correlational design.
D) random assignment.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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According to the text, which is NOT an aspect related to child development that has been influenced by Darwin's work on evolution?


A) infant attachment
B) gender identity
C) innate fear
D) learning

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Variables A and B are positively correlated, indicating that as the level of A _____, the level of B _____.


A) increases; decreases
B) increases; stays the same
C) decreases; decreases
D) decreases; stays the same

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which expression is MOST likely to represent the correlation between age of child and reading speed among children who are able to read?


A) 1.00
B) 0.60
C) 0
D) -0.60

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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The study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment is referred to as


A) epigenetics.
B) evolutionary psychology.
C) neuroscience.
D) genometrics.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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The internal validity of a measure involves the extent to which


A) the effects of an experiment are truly due to conditions the researcher intended to manipulate.
B) different observers of the same behaviour agree.
C) the results of a study hold when studies are conducted with different participants and different methods.
D) a participant's performance is similar on two or more occasions.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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The text describes a study examining the link between sleeping with a nightlight in infancy and later developing nearsightedness. This study exhibited which type of problem?


A) negative-correlation
B) third-variable
C) causal-relationship
D) direction-of-causation

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Which statement qualifies as a hypothesis?


A) Children whose parents argue in their presence are more likely than other children to try illegal drugs.
B) Which parental behaviours are associated with an increased likelihood of teenage illegal drug use?
C) What are the differences between children whose parents argue in their presence and those whose parents do not argue in their presence?
D) There are many differences between children whose parents argue in their presence and those whose parents do not argue in their presence.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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In which data-gathering method do researchers try to remain unobtrusive?


A) naturalistic interview
B) structured interview
C) naturalistic observation
D) structured observation

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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A town committee learns that there is a strong negative correlation between the number of millimetres of daily rainfall and the number of children who use the neighbourhood playgrounds each day. If the committee were to conclude that high rainfall is caused by children not using the playground, which type of problem would MOST likely be occurring?


A) third-variable
B) direction-of-correlation
C) direction-of-causation
D) insufficient-knowledge

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Considering the research on preschoolers' ability to provide accurate testimony about past events, which piece of advice would be the MOST important for an interviewer to be told prior to interviewing a young child?


A) Bring a doll to aid the child in answering your questions.
B) Make sure you know the answers to the questions before asking the child.
C) If you do not think the child has answered a question accurately, ask the question again.
D) Ask questions that will help children to testify accurately.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Which activity is NOT a core component of effortful attention?


A) exerting effort on tasks
B) controlling emotions
C) focusing attention
D) inhibiting impulses

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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To examine the effect of empathy training on teenagers' bullying behaviours, a researcher splits a group of high school students into two groups through random assignment. Group A is shown a movie about an interesting science experiment, and group B is shown a movie about students being harmed by bullies. Group A would be the _____ group, and group B would be the _____ group.


A) dependent; independent
B) independent; dependent
C) control; experimental
D) experimental; control

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Who did NOT propose a stage theory related to child development?


A) Piaget
B) Freud
C) Erikson
D) Darwin

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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What is the biochemical process that reduces expression of a variety of genes and is involved in regulating reactions to stress?


A) methylation
B) meta-analysis
C) genome
D) nurture

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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The possibility that the correlation between two variables may actually be the result of an additional unspecified attribute is referred to as the _____ problem.


A) insufficient-variable
B) third-variable
C) experimental-design
D) direction-of-causation

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Which statement about the study on the development of popularity discussed in the text is true?


A) The microgenetic design allowed for conclusions to be made about age-related changes in popularity.
B) The cross-sectional design allowed for age-related differences among children in popularity to be examined.
C) The longitudinal design allowed for the investigation of how changes in popularity occur.
D) The longitudinal design allowed for the stability of individual differences to be examined.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which statement does NOT express a benefit of structured observation?


A) The researcher can design the context to elicit the behaviour of interest.
B) Researchers are able to observe behaviours that occur only infrequently.
C) Children feel comfortable in their own environment.
D) All children are observed in the same situation.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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