Question 1

What was a computer program that employed heuristics and a means-ends analysis in its attempt to simulate problem solving in a generally humanlike fashion called?

Accepted Answer

A)   Logic Theorist
B)   Pandemonium
C)   General Problem Solver
D)   the Chinese roomE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 2

What philosophical implication did many of Pascal's contemporaries and immediate followers draw from his creation of the Pascaline?

Accepted Answer

A)   It challenged Descartes's assertion that only humans had the capacity for rational calculation.
B)   It challenged Locke's theories about the association of ideas.
C)   It undercut Hobbes's argument that human reasoning was a form of mathematical calculation.
D)   It caused Leibniz to be troubled by the thought of a machine that could calculate numbers better than a human being.E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

Match the definition with the term.
-difference engine

Accepted Answer

A)  a calculating machine that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers
B)  a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic
C)  a hypothetical architecturally simple "universal" computer that could perform any kind of calculation on any set of symbols capable of being manipulated in the Boolean sense,according to some set of formally specifiable and self-consistent rules
D)  an AI program that uses heuristics intended to be capable of solving a broad range of types of problems
E)  planned but never-finished "universal machine," capable of performing virtually any type of calculation; prototype for what today we call a programmable computerF) C) and D)
G) None of the above

Question 4

The concept of "flashbulb memories" was introduced and studied by whom?

Accepted Answer

A)   Claude Shannon
B)   George Miller
C)   Jerome Bruner
D)   Ulric NeisserE) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 5

Match the definition with the term.
-binary switches

Accepted Answer

A)  a technique for problem solving that limits the search space by relying on best guesses and shortcuts
B)  in general usage,the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding,and in modern psychology the processing of information between input and output
C)  proposed as a new central concept in the analysis of thinking and reasoning,based on the idea that problem solving typically begins with a first test,comparing the present situation with the desired outcome,followed by an operation to reduce the difference,and then another test
D)  simple switches that may be in either "on" or "off" states
E)  the amount of information that can be conveyed by the open or closed status of a single binary switch (one or zero) F) A) and E)
G) B) and C)

Question 6

Match the definition with the term.
-connectionist processing

Accepted Answer

A)  a computer programming strategy that detects patterns of activity that go on throughout the whole system rather than symbols in specified locations
B)  a subdiscipline of psychology focused on the study of the important mental processes that intervene between an activating stimulus and a final adaptive response
C)  a vividly recalled (although not necessarily accurate) image of exactly where one was and what one was doing when some particularly momentous event occurred
D)  computer programming in which specified sequences of operations are performed on specified sets of symbols,both of which have been stored in specific memory locations
E)  emphasized how a variety of nonobjective factors can systematically influence the process of perceptionF) C) and D)
G) A) and C)

Question 7

Newell and Simon's General Problem Solver (GPS) made use of all of the following EXCEPT for which?

Accepted Answer

A)   prior observation of human problem solvers
B)   heuristic strategies
C)   means-ends analysis
D)   parallel processingE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 8

Define heuristic.

Accepted Answer

For problems with huge numbers of potent...

Question 9

Match the life event with the individual.
-Noam Chomsky

Accepted Answer

A)  It is generally believed that this individual committed suicide after undergoing chemical castration as a punishment for the then crime of homosexuality.
B)  The only copy of the manuscript for this individual's The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory was barely saved after the psychology building caught on fire.
C)  This child of the poet Lord Byron had an education that deliberately avoided poetry and instead emphasized mathematics.
D)  This individual's doctoral dissertation,on the subject of masking or "jamming" voice communication,was funded by the military and declared top secret because of its potential value for disrupting German wartime communications.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C) B

Question 10

In exploring the question of whether computers can be creative,Margaret Boden suggested that putting already familiar ideas or components together in novel but useful or interesting combinations,but according to preset rules,is an example of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   computational functionalism
B)   impossibilist creativity
C)   intentionality
D)   improbabilist creativityE) B) and C)
F) All of the above D

Question 11

Match the publication with the author.
-George Miller,Eugene Galanter,and Karl Pribram

Accepted Answer

A)  "A Mathematical Theory of Communication"
B)  Cognitive Psychology
C)  Plans and the Structure of Behavior
D)  Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology
E)  The Logical Structure of Linguistic TheoryF) A) and D)
G) B) and D)

Question 12

Ada Lovelace was the only daughter of the poet Lord Byron,but is better known to historians as all of the following EXCEPT for being which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   a gifted mathematician
B)   a promoter of Babbage's analytical engine
C)   the inventor of an "ultimate machine"
D)   a theorist of the potentialities and limitations of a universal machineE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 13

Match the definition with the term.
-TOTE unit

Accepted Answer

A)  a technique for problem solving that limits the search space by relying on best guesses and shortcuts
B)  in general usage,the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding,and in modern psychology the processing of information between input and output
C)  proposed as a new central concept in the analysis of thinking and reasoning,based on the idea that problem solving typically begins with a first test,comparing the present situation with the desired outcome,followed by an operation to reduce the difference,and then another test
D)  simple switches that may be in either "on" or "off" states
E)  the amount of information that can be conveyed by the open or closed status of a single binary switch (one or zero) F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

Question 14

What important conclusion did George Miller draw after becoming familiar with Noam Chomsky's theory of language?

Accepted Answer

A)   that English is a particularly difficult language for children to learn
B)   that the most elementary unit of speech is the word
C)   that a child picks up the rules of grammar by trial-and-error learning
D)   that behavioristic learning theory could not account for a child's acquisition of grammarE) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Match the publication with the author.
-Sir Frederic Bartlett

Accepted Answer

A)  "A Mathematical Theory of Communication"
B)  Cognitive Psychology
C)  Plans and the Structure of Behavior
D)  Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology
E)  The Logical Structure of Linguistic TheoryF) A) and B)
G) A) and C) D

Question 16

A type of artificial intelligence computer program that operates by detecting patterns of activity that go on within its entire memory system is said to employ __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   connectionist or parallel distributed processing
B)   serialist or symbolic processing
C)   sensory information processing
D)   processing by means-ends analysisE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

In 1651,Thomas Hobbes expressed which of the following radical opinions about the nature of human reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)   that reasoning was carried out by an immaterial rational soul
B)   that reasoning could be represented by combinations of ones and zeroes
C)   that reasoning processes varied from one culture to another
D)   that reasoning processes were essentially the same as mathematical calculationsE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 18

The Lovelace Objection refers to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   Ada Lovelace's claim that Babbage stole her ideas
B)   Lovelace's view that computers could only do what they were programmed to do
C)   Lovelace's objection to Babbage creating the analytical engine and giving up his work on the difference engine
D)   Lovelace's claim that computers could never be used to compose musicE) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 19

The weaver Joseph Jacquard invented which of the following technologies suggested by Charles Babbage in his design for an analytical engine?

Accepted Answer

A)   a reel of perforated paper tape for recording output
B)   a specialized kind of gear for performing multiplications and divisions
C)   a network of binary (on or off)  switches in the "mill"
D)   a stack of stiff cards with punched holes for inputting the machine's programE) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 20

The idea that one concept may be "contained" within another (e.g.,"human" is contained within "animal") was an important aspect of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   Thomas Hobbes's argument for the social contract
B)   Gottfried Leibniz's proposal for a universal language
C)   Charles Babbage's plan for his analytical engine
D)   George Boole's conception of Boolean algebraE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Exam 15: Minds, Machines, and Cognitive Psychology

What was a computer program that employed heuristics and a means-ends analysis in its attempt to simulate problem solving in a generally humanlike fashion called?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What philosophical implication did many of Pascal's contemporaries and immediate followers draw from his creation of the Pascaline?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Match the definition with the term. -difference engine

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The concept of "flashbulb memories" was introduced and studied by whom?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Match the definition with the term. -binary switches

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Match the definition with the term. -connectionist processing

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Newell and Simon's General Problem Solver (GPS) made use of all of the following EXCEPT for which?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Define heuristic.

Correct AnswerverifiedFor problems with huge numbers of potent...View AnswerShow Answer

Match the life event with the individual. -Noam Chomsky

Correct AnswerverifiedB

In exploring the question of whether computers can be creative,Margaret Boden suggested that putting already familiar ideas or components together in novel but useful or interesting combinations,but according to preset rules,is an example of which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Match the publication with the author. -George Miller,Eugene Galanter,and Karl Pribram

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Ada Lovelace was the only daughter of the poet Lord Byron,but is better known to historians as all of the following EXCEPT for being which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Match the definition with the term. -TOTE unit

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What important conclusion did George Miller draw after becoming familiar with Noam Chomsky's theory of language?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Match the publication with the author. -Sir Frederic Bartlett

Correct AnswerverifiedD

A type of artificial intelligence computer program that operates by detecting patterns of activity that go on within its entire memory system is said to employ __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In 1651,Thomas Hobbes expressed which of the following radical opinions about the nature of human reasoning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Lovelace Objection refers to which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The weaver Joseph Jacquard invented which of the following technologies suggested by Charles Babbage in his design for an analytical engine?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The idea that one concept may be "contained" within another (e.g.,"human" is contained within "animal") was an important aspect of which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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For problems with huge numbers of potent...
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