A) 1.3 billion years
B) 2.6 billion years
C) 3.9 billion years
D) 5.2 billion years
E) none of the above
G) None of the above
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A) our solar system formed from the collapse of an interstellar cloud of gas and dust.
B) nebulae are clouds of gas and dust in space.
C) the planets each formed from the collapse of its own separate nebula.
D) the nebular theory is a discarded idea that imagined planets forming as a result of a near-collision between our Sun and another star.
F) C) and D)
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A) the formation of moons around planets
B) the growth of planetesimals from smaller solid particles that collided and stuck together
C) the solidification of ices,rocks,and metal from the gas of the solar nebular
D) the growth of the Sun as the density of gas increased in the center of the solar nebula
F) B) and C)
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A) Any planets forming beyond Neptune would have drifted out of the solar system due to the weakness of the Sun's gravity at this distance.
B) There was no material to create planetesimals beyond the orbit of Neptune.
C) By the time planetesimals grew to a large enough mass to hold onto an atmosphere,the solar nebula had been blown away.
D) Any planet forming beyond Neptune's orbit would have been scattered outside of the solar system by gravitational encounters.
E) There may be,but they would be so faint that astronomers have not found them yet.
G) C) and E)
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A) Atoms and molecules in the gas bonded together and solidified.
B) Particles grew by colliding and sticking together.
C) The solar nebula differentiated into metals inside of the frost line and ices beyond.
D) Large planetesimals captured atmospheres from the solar nebula.
E) Earth gained its oceans from icy planetesimal capture.
G) A) and C)
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A) several million years.
B) several tens of millions of years.
C) several hundreds of millions of years.
D) about a billion years.
E) to the present time.
G) A) and D)
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A) It is a circle at a particular distance from the Sun,beyond which the temperature was low enough for ices to condense.
B) It is another way of stating the temperature at which water freezes into ice.
C) It marks the special distance from the Sun at which hydrogen compounds become abundant;closer to the Sun,there are no hydrogen compounds.
D) It is the altitude in a planet's atmosphere at which snow can form.
F) C) and D)
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A) There were very few planetary leftovers in this region,because most of the solid material was accreted by the terrestrial planets as the planets formed.
B) It was too hot for asteroids to form in this part of the solar system.
C) Gravity was too weak to allow asteroids to form in this part of the solar system.
D) All the asteroids that formed between Mercury and Mars later migrated to the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
F) A) and D)
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A) They are captured asteroids.
B) They are captured comets.
C) They are captured planets.
D) They were formed by condensation and accretion in a disk of gas around the planet.
E) They were formed by giant impacts.
G) A) and E)
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B) False
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B) False
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B) False
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A) They were produced in the Big Bang.
B) They evolved from hydrogen and helium shortly after the Big Bang.
C) They were produced inside stars.
D) They were produced inside dense interstellar gas.
E) all of the above
G) A) and E)
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A) The Sun once rotated much faster,but it transferred angular momentum to charged particles caught in its magnetic field and then blew the particles away with its strong solar wind.
B) The Sun once rotated much faster,but it transferred angular momentum to planets and other objects during close encounters.
C) The Sun once rotated much faster,but it lost angular momentum due to internal friction.
D) The Sun once rotated much faster,but it lost angular momentum because everything slows down with time.
E) The Sun was born rotating slowly because the solar nebula had very little angular momentum.
G) A) and E)
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The Moon formed from a giant i...View Answer
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A) You'll have 0.25 kilogram of the radioactive substance remaining.
B) All the material will have completely decayed.
C) You'll have 0.75 kilogram of the radioactive substance remaining.
D) You'll have 0.5 kilogram of the radioactive substance remaining.
F) C) and D)
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A) Both types of planet begun with planetesimals growing through the process of accretion,but only the jovian planets were able to capture hydrogen and helium gas from the solar nebula.
B) The jovian planets began from planetesimals made only of ice,while the terrestrial planets began from planetesimals made only of rock and metal.
C) Swirling disks of gas,like the solar nebula in miniature,formed around the growing jovian planets but not around the growing terrestrial planets.
D) The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it.
F) B) and C)
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To reach a fraction of 1/16,the meteorit...View Answer
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A) 0.5 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 98 percent
E) 100 percent
G) B) and E)
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If Jupiter had never existed,its gravity...View Answer
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