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According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the _______, then no conditioning of associative strength will occur.


A) salience of the CS is 1
B) salience of the US is equal to the salience of the CS
C) US is predicted
D) ΣV = 0

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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If you wanted to study the effects of salience on blocking, what would you manipulate in the Rescorla-Wagner model, and how would you manipulate it in order to derive a prediction to test?

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If you were manipulating the salience of...

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The process by which an event is recalled from long-term memory and processed in short-term memory is known as _______-generated priming.


A) retrieval
B) transfer
C) self
D) episode

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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In Phase 1 of training, subjects receive trials of a shock followed by a tone followed by light + shock pairings. In Phase 2 of training, subjects receive light + buzzer + shock. According to the priming model of classical conditioning, blocking of the buzzer _______ occur in Phase 2, due to _______ priming effects in Phase 1


A) should; a lack of self-generated
B) should not; a lack of self-generated
C) should; self-generated
D) should not; self-generated

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Pearce's configural approach assumes that


A) on a trial in which L and T are combined and paired with the US, there is only one CS.
B) external inhibition occurs because an old CS is in the A2 state when a newly added CS is in the A1 state.
C) CS-US timing effects are due to interstimulus intervals that are either within or outside the configural moment.
D) multiple CSs are conditioned separately, and this learning then blocks configural conditioning.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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How would the Rescorla-Wagner model account for overshadowing in a situation in which a loud tone conditions better than a dim light when they are conditioned in compound?


A) The model would have to be revised, as it cannot currently account for overshadowing.
B) It would use a different λ for each CS.
C) It would use two different α's and two different 's
D) It would assume that α is greater for the more salient CS.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbols _______ and _______ are used to refer to the salience of the CS and US, respectively.


A) ;
B) ;
C) ;
D) ;

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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A gardener charges $25 per customer to mow lawns. For one year he cuts the grass at the homes of two neighbors. At the end of the year the neighbors decide to share one house, sell the other, and hire the gardener to mow only one lawn. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, the gardener will


A) initially expect to be paid $50, but eventually will come to expect only $25.
B) expect to be paid $25 now that they have only one lawn.
C) initially expect to be paid $25, but eventually will expect to be paid $50.
D) initially expect to be paid $25, but eventually will expect to be paid $40.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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An event in short-term memory is most likely to be surprising if it


A) has been generated through self-priming.
B) has been generated through retrieval priming.
C) has been generated through episode-priming.
D) is retrieved intermittently

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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A light is fully conditioned with a US that has a lambda = 2, and a tone is fully conditioned with a US that has a lambda = 1. The light and tone are then placed in compound and extinguished. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model's assumptions about lambda,


A) the tone and light will become more inhibitory than they would be if either stimulus were extinguished separately.
B) the tone and light will become less inhibitory than they would be if either stimulus were extinguished separately.
C) the tone will become more inhibitory than the light.
D) the light will become more inhibitory than the tone.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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The Mackintosh model explains latent inhibition by assuming that during CS-only presentations the value


A) remains unchanged, because the CS predicts nothing.
B) increases, because the CS predicts the US just as well as the context.
C) decreases, because the CS predicts the US just as well as the context.
D) becomes fixed, because the CS predicts no change in the US.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Which statement about the Rescorla-Wagner model is false.


A) It accounts for many conditioning phenomena using few variables.
B) It is widely regarded as important, but its falsifiability has been questioned.
C) It helped to conceptualize the relatively vague idea of information value in the form of surprise.
D) It has organized a large number of effects as being related to surprise.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, an inhibitor will suppress responding to an excitor because


A) it nullifies the excitor's alpha.
B) lambda will be zero.
C) it blocks the excitor's association.
D) the negative associative strength of the inhibitor subtracts from the positive associative strength of the excitor.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

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If you present A+ (US trials) and AB (no US trials) , the Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that


A) A will block
B) B will acquire a negative associative strength.
C) A will extinguish more on these AB trials than if it had been presented alone on no-US trials.
D) A will become half as excitatory and B will become half as inhibitory as they would be if each stimulus were presented separately on shock versus no-shock trials.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of


A) contiguity between the CS and US.
B) the surprisingness of the CS.
C) the surprisingness of the US.
D) contextual conditioning.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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The replaced-elements assumption of the SOP model


A) increases the predictive accuracy of the model over the Mackintosh model, but still fails to account for the configural effects explained by the Pearce model.
B) predicts that adding new stimuli to an established CS and removing stimuli from a compound CS produces symmetrical effects.
C) assumes that when stimuli are added to a simple stimulus to form a compound, all of the stimuli's elements are activated and processed together.
D) predicts that removing stimuli will dramatically reduce associative strength, whereas adding new neutral stimuli will have less of an impact.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the US intensity is increased in the second phase of conditioning in a blocking experiment when L is added to a previously conditioned T to form the new compound LT, then


A) ΣVLT > .
B) ΣVLT < .
C) >
D) <

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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A researcher creates a compound of two fully and separately conditioned stimuli. She then presents the compound along with a neutral stimulus and continues to present the same outcome for the three stimuli that she had presented with the compound alone. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,


A) the two fully conditioned stimuli will lose excitation, while the neutral stimulus will gain excitation.
B) the two fully conditioned stimuli will lose excitation, while the neutral stimulus will gain inhibition.
C) all three stimuli will become more excitatory than they would be if conditioned separately.
D) all three stimuli will become inhibitory, but less so than if they were conditioned separately.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following about theories is false?


A) They eliminate the need for direct testing of animals and humans.
B) They organize and integrate facts to form an explanation of a particular phenomenon.
C) They enable us to see new and counterintuitive ways in which variables affect phenomena.
D) They are developed in such a way as to be falsifiable.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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Imagine L is trained as an inhibitor for a US. Then the organism experiences two kinds of trials with novel stimuli T and N. In some trials T is paired with the US, and in some trials L and N are combined and paired with the US. After conditioning to asymptote, which CS (T or N) will elicit the greater conditioned response according to the Rescorla-Wagner model?

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N will elicit the greater response. On c...

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