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True/False
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Multiple Choice
A) the earth's volcanoes did not outgas as much carbon dioxide as those on Venus and Mars.
B) most of the carbon dioxide was lost during the age of bombardment.
C) chemical reactions with other gases destroyed the carbon dioxide and replaced it with the nitrogen that is in the atmosphere now.
D) carbon dioxide dissolves in water, and most of it is now contained in the oceans and carbonate rocks.
E) Earth doesn't have as strong a greenhouse effect as is present on Venus.
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Multiple Choice
A) Models of the greenhouse effect successfully predict the actual temperatures of Mars and Venus from their atmospheric carbon dioxide amounts.
B) Models of Earth's climate that include recent increases in carbon dioxide concentration match the observed temperature increases better than those that do not include it.
C) Isotope ratios in atmospheric carbon dioxide show that much of the carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere today comes from the burning of fossil fuels.
D) We understand the physical mechanism of the greenhouse effect, by which carbon dioxide increases cause an increase in the planet's temperature.
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True/False
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Multiple Choice
A) there is little volcanic activity to create craters.
B) the planet is rotating very slowly and only one side was hit by impactors.
C) the planet formed after the age of bombardment and missed out on getting hit by leftover planetesimals.
D) the surface in the region is older than the surface in more heavily cratered regions.
E) the surface in the region is younger than the surface in more heavily cratered regions.
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Multiple Choice
A) Ultraviolet light split the water molecules, and the hydrogen then escaped to space.
B) Water was removed from the atmosphere by chemical reactions with surface rock.
C) It is frozen as water ice in craters near the poles.
D) It turned into carbon dioxide by reacting with nitrogen in Venus's atmosphere.
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Multiple Choice
A) A gas that absorbs infrared light
B) A gas that makes a planet much hotter than it would be otherwise, even in small amounts
C) A gas that keeps warms air from rising, and therefore warms the surface
D) A gas that reflects a lot of sunlight
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Multiple Choice
A) A place where a seafloor plate is sliding under a continental plate
B) A place where two plates are slipping sideways against one another
C) A place where two plates are pulling apart
D) A place where two continental plates are colliding
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Multiple Choice
A) Its small size compared to Earth
B) Its large size compared to the Earth
C) Its farther distance than Earth to the Sun
D) Its closer distance than Earth to the Sun
E) Its rapid rotation compared to the Earth F) Its slow rotation compared to the Earth
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Essay
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True/False
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Multiple Choice
A) one plate slides under another, returning older crust to the mantle.
B) plates pull apart, leaving great rifts in the crust.
C) hot mantle material rises upward and spreads sideways, pushing the plates apart.
D) plates push together, creating ocean mountain chains.
E) plates slip sideways relative to one another.
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Multiple Choice
A) The release by volcanism of gases that had been trapped in a planetary interior
B) The loss of atmospheric gas to outer space
C) Another name for a volcanic eruption
D) The evaporation of water that adds water vapor (a gas) to an atmosphere
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Multiple Choice
A) The nitrogen and oxygen in Earth's atmosphere keep the surface pleasantly warm.
B) Gas high in the atmosphere absorbs dangerous X-rays from the Sun.
C) Without the relatively rare gas called ozone, Earth's surface would be bathed in dangerous ultraviolet light from the Sun.
D) The oxygen in our atmosphere was released by living organisms.
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Multiple Choice
A) They were probably carved in Mercury's early history by running water.
B) They were probably formed by tectonic stresses when the entire planet shrank as its core cooled.
C) They probably formed when a series of large impacts hit Mercury one after the other.
D) They are almost certainly volcanic in origin, carved by flowing lava.
E) They represent one of the greatest mysteries in the solar system, as no one has suggested a reasonable hypothesis for their formation.
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True/False
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Essay
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Essay
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Multiple Choice
A) Venus has relatively few impact craters and these craters are distributed fairly evenly over the entire planet.
B) Venus has many circular features, called coronae, which appear to be tectonic in origin.
C) Venus's largest features are three elevated regions that look somewhat like continents.
D) Venus appears to lack any water that could lubricate the flow of rock in its crust and mantle.
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