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Exam 6: Deviance

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Question 41

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Higher crime rates in poor urban areas may not actually be the result of increased criminal behavior.

A) True
B) False

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Question 42

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According to labeling theory, the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into conformity.

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B) False

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Question 43

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Sociologists can say that deviance is relative because whether a behavior is considered deviant depends upon the historical, cultural, and/or situational context in which it occurs.

What happened to the pseudopatients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places"?

Basically, no one chooses to be considered deviant.

The poet Lucy Grealy had a series of operations as a child that eventually resulted in the removal of one-third of her jaw. As a result she experienced:

Differential association theory focuses on peer pressure and "bad influences" to show how deviance is a process of social learning.

According to conflict theory, why are vagrancy laws passed?

According to the sociologist Howard Becker, there are no inherently deviant acts, only societal reactions to acts that make them deviant.

Which kinds of departures from the norm wouldn't necessarily have a stigmatizing effect on an individual's identity?

What is the justification for harsh sentencing guidelines, like California's "three strikes" law?

Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors, including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior?

Structural functionalists like Emile Durkheim believe that every aspect of a social structure does something to help maintain the stability of society. According to Durkheim, what are some of the "functions" of deviance within a society?

Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance happens. What sort of strain does the theory's name refer to?

Crime statistics can sometimes be misleading. Explain some potential problems with crime statistics that draw conclusions about the criminal behavior of certain class, age, or ethnic groups.

Let's say that a rash of thefts is occurring in a suburban neighborhood. It is determined that a group of teenage boys from the community have been stealing items from unlocked cars. The perpetrators are caught within a few short weeks. According to the information in Chapter 6, which factors likely made them initial suspects? What factors made it more likely that they would behave in this way?

If you decided that you could never get into a good school and therefore could never get a good job, you might decide to sell crack cocaine instead as a way to make a living. According to Robert Merton, what sort of deviant would you be?

The parents of a deviant child often want to find some way to excuse their offspring's behavior, and it's common to hear them say, "He just fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation most closely resemble?

What did Robert Merton call a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made?

David Rosenhan argues that misdiagnosis is particularly a problem for psychologists, as a diagnosis of a mental illness is as influential on the patient as it is on her relatives and friends. It should not surprise anyone that the diagnosis acts as a(n) :