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Karen Horney was trained in the psychoanalytic school, but her view differed from that of orthodox Freudian theory in a several ways. For example, Horney believed that


A) "womb envy" leads men to devalue women.
B) less emphasis should be placed on cultural factors.
C) more emphasis should be placed on infantile sexuality.
D) Freud focused too much on present character structure.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Imagine that you have signed up for a research study in which you will be completing a personality inventory. You can expect to


A) undergo a systematic interview by a trained clinical psychologist.
B) read a series of statements and indicate whether each is true of yourself.
C) report what you see in a series of ambiguous pictures.
D) be tested for your potential for acquiring various skills.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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When he arrives to take the test for a driver's license, a new driver feels very confident. He remembers that he got everything right on a practice test and that his mother has told him he will do fine. In this example, all of the following factors have contributed to his self-efficacy judgment EXCEPT for


A) actual accomplishments.
B) vicarious experience.
C) persuasion.
D) monitoring of emotional arousal.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Projective tests were first used by psychoanalysts because it was believed that


A) objective tests gave scores that were unreliable.
B) they would reveal unconscious personality dynamics.
C) people would be better at rating others than they are at rating themselves.
D) they would be easy to score.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Alfred Adler's theory of personality revolved around the


A) centrality of Eros and libidinal pleasures.
B) attempts by people to overcome feelings of inferiority.
C) attempts by people to overcome feelings of superiority.
D) ego and its defenses.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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A little boy has started to identify with and imitate everything that his father does and to act like him as much as he can. Within the context of Freud's theory, we can infer that the boy


A) has not been socialized by those around him to be like his father.
B) has resolved the Oedipus complex.
C) realizes that as a boy he can only identify with his father.
D) expects rewards from his father if he tries to be like him.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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As the most basic way for the ego to defend against being overwhelmed, ________ is the psychological process in Freud's theory that protects an individual from experiencing extreme anxiety or guilt by pushing ideas out of conscious awareness and into the unconscious.


A) repression
B) regression
C) reaction formation
D) rationalization

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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In Freud's approach, the major developmental task of the ________ stage is ________.


A) oral; the Oedipus complex
B) anal; weaning
C) genital; toilet training
D) latency; the development of defense mechanisms

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Trait theories of personality have been criticized because they


A) do not allow researchers to give concise descriptions of different people's personalities.
B) do not identify characteristics that are correlated with behavior.
C) do not generally explain how personality develops.
D) emphasize conflicting forces within the individual.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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All of the following items belong together, EXCEPT for which one?


A) Raymond Cattell
B) the five-factor model
C) source traits
D) 16 factors

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Explain the basic premise of a trait theory. Which trait theories have received the most interest, and why? How do psychologists study the degree to which personality traits and behavior patterns are inherited, and what have they found?

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Trait theories suggest that personalitie...

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Cognitive and social-learning theories of personality have been criticized because they


A) overlook the importance of rationality.
B) overlook the importance of emotion.
C) place too much emphasis on the developmental origins of personality.
D) place too much emphasis on the impact of unconscious motivation.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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B

Your school is going to sponsor a lecture by a humanistic personality theorist. You can assume that the speaker will express the idea that humans are


A) all alike in their tendencies.
B) primarily motivated by the libido.
C) striving toward self-actualization.
D) generally negative in their view of the world.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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While discussing a boy's schoolwork in a teacher-parent conference, the teacher suggests that he does not demonstrate self-efficacy. According to the theory of Albert Bandura, self-efficacy refers to


A) a willingness to conform to the feelings of the majority.
B) the belief that one can perform adequately in a particular situation.
C) a system of moral values and a strong sense of right and wrong.
D) the need to achieve one's potential or to be the best that one can be.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Humanistic, social-learning, and cognitive theories differ dramatically from the psychodynamic approach. Give capsule summaries of the theories of Carl Rogers, Walter Mischel, and Albert Bandura. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each theory?

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Carl Rogers is a humanist. Include a bri...

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The Thematic Apperception Test was developed by ________, and over the years it has proven to be a valid measure of ________.


A) Harrison Gough; normal personality
B) Starke Hathaway; clinic psychopathology
C) J.R. McKinley; achievement motivation
D) Henry Murray; needs for achievement

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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D

Humanistic theories have been criticized for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they


A) suggest that human nature develops out of conflicts and anxieties.
B) include concepts that are fuzzy and difficult to explore in research.
C) do not focus on the particular characteristics of individuals.
D) neglect the important environmental variables that influence behavior.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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All of the following terms belong together EXCEPT for which one?


A) id
B) libido
C) ego
D) superego

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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B

With respect to contributions made by various major theories of personality to the understanding of human nature, the textbook expresses the point of view that


A) social-cognitive theory makes the most contributions.
B) Freudian theory provides little of value to understanding human nature.
C) each type of theory makes different contributions.
D) all the theories make identical contributions.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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When you overhear a woman say that her husband has a lot of "libido," you understand that he apparently


A) is prone to mental illness.
B) has attempted suicide.
C) has a strong sex drive.
D) does not have a superego.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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