Question 1

The first example of an antimicrobial drug synthesized in the laboratory was

Accepted Answer

A)   penicillin.
B)   sulfa.
C)   erythromycin.
D)   Salvarsan.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

Antibiotics that are most likely to disrupt the normal flora are termed

Accepted Answer

A)   narrow-spectrum.
B)   broad-spectrum.
C)   targeted spectrum.
D)   semi-synthetic.E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 3

A high therapeutic index is

Accepted Answer

A)   more toxic to the patient.
B)   less toxic to the patient.
C)   has no effect on the patient.
D)   has no effect on the pathogen.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 4

Drugs that are more effective when taken together are called

Accepted Answer

A)   energetic.
B)   antagonistic.
C)   subtractive.
D)   synergistic.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

Fluoroquinolones typically target

Accepted Answer

A)   ribosomes.
B)   penicillin-binding proteins.
C)   peptidoglycan.
D)   DNA gyrase.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 6

The most common method of transfer of antimicrobial resistance is through the use of

Accepted Answer

A)   viruses.
B)   R plasmids.
C)   introns.
D)   exons.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

Explain how using a combination of two antimicrobial drugs helps prevent the development of spontaneously resistant mutants.

Accepted Answer

A)   All drugs work synergistically with each other-that is, their combined effects are far greater than either could achieve individually. Two drugs together helps to eliminate microbes, even if they have developed spontaneous mutations that would confer upon them resistance to the drugs.
B)   It is highly unlikely that the microbe might spontaneously develop 2 specific mutations to resist the effects of a pair of drugs. As such, even if one drug is resisted by the microbe, the 2nd drug will eliminate the mutated microbe, thus preventing the development of spontaneously resistant mutants overall.
C)   All drugs work antagonistically with each other-that is, their combined effects are far greater than either could achieve individually. Two drugs together helps to eliminate microbes, even if they have developed spontaneous mutations that would confer upon them resistance to the drugs.
D)   Drugs can also select for mutations that will enhance the activity of another drug. So, each of the paired drugs will help to select for spontaneous mutations that enhance the activity of the other drug in the pair.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 8

The major class(es)  of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis is/are

Accepted Answer

A)   aminoglycosides.
B)   tetracyclines.
C)   macrolides.
D)   bacitracins.
E)   aminoglycosides, tetracyclines AND macrolides.F) All of the above
G) C) and D)

Question 9

Why would co-administration of a bacteriostatic drug interfere with the effects of penicillin?

Accepted Answer

A)   Since most bacteriostatic drugs are produced from bacteria, but penicillin is produced from mold, the two drugs are incompatible with each other.
B)   A bacteriostatic drug produces interference in the ability of a bacterial cell to take in compounds from the outside environment. Penicillin must be taken in by the cell in order to have its effect, so this would directly inhibit it.
C)   Penicillin interferes with cell wall production/stabilization by cross-linking of peptidoglycan. As such, it only works when the cells are actively replicating and MAKING new peptidoglycan. A bacteriostatic drug works by shutting down replication, holding the cells 'static.' This would interfere with the mode of action required by the penicillin.
D)   The bacteriostatic drugs would bind directly to the penicillin, preventing both its uptake by the cell and its ability to perform its duty within the bacterial cell.E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 10

A commercial modification of the disk diffusion test is called the

Accepted Answer

A)   A test.
B)   B test.
C)   C test.
D)   D test.
E)   E test.F) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

Question 11

Spontaneous development of resistance to a particular antimicrobial is difficult if the drug

Accepted Answer

A)   binds to several sites on the target molecule.
B)   targets several different molecules.
C)   affects only one molecule.
D)   affects the plasma membrane.
E)   binds to several sites on the target molecule AND targets several different molecules.F) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

Question 12

Which of the following groups of microorganisms produces antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

A)   Penicillium
B)   Streptomyces
C)   Bacillus
D)   All of the choices are correct.
E)   Penicillium AND StreptomycesF) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

Question 13

The diffusion bioassay

Accepted Answer

A)   determines the concentration of antimicrobial necessary to kill a bacteria.
B)   determines the concentration of antimicrobial necessary to inhibit growth of a bacteria.
C)   is similar in principal to the Kirby-Bauer test.
D)   determines the concentration of antimicrobial in a fluid.
E)   is similar in principal to the Kirby-Bauer test AND determines the concentration of antimicrobial in a fluid.F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

Question 14

The use of Salvarsan and Prontosil to treat microbial infections were early examples of

Accepted Answer

A)   antibiotics.
B)   toxins.
C)   inhibitors.
D)   chemotherapy.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 15

Why are nucleoside analogs active only against replicating viruses?

Accepted Answer

A)   These drugs can only be taken up by cells that are infected by viruses. They are shut out from non-infected cells. This makes them effective only against cells where viruses are replicating.
B)   Each of these drugs is specifically activated by enzymes produced by the viruses. The viruses will only produce these enzymes when they are replicating, so the drugs can only become activated when these processes are occurring.
C)   Nucleoside analogs work by directly inhibiting the activity of nucleic acid polymerases. If the virus isn't actively replicating, there's no DNA/RNA polymerase active for the drug to inhibit, so the drug cannot work.
D)   Nucleoside analogs work by being incorporated into growing strands of DNA/RNA. This indirectly shuts down further extension of these chains. However, new strands of viral DNA/RNA are only being created when the virus is replicating. As such, these drugs can only work when the virus is actively replicating as well.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 16

Drugs that are bacteriostatic

Accepted Answer

A)   kill bacteria.
B)   promote bacterial growth.
C)   inactivate bacterial spores.
D)   inhibit the growth of bacteria.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 17

The key characteristic of a useful antimicrobial is selective toxicity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The lowest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a microorganism is the

Accepted Answer

A)   infectious dose.
B)   lethal dose.
C)   effective dose.
D)   minimum inhibitory concentration.E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 19

Antimicrobials that kill microorganisms have the suffix

Accepted Answer

A)   -cidal.
B)   -static.
C)   -anti.
D)   -genic.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 20

Sulfonamides work as

Accepted Answer

A)   competitive inhibitors.
B)   noncompetitive inhibitors.
C)   ribosome-binding molecules.
D)   feedback inhibitors.E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Exam 20: Antimicrobial Medications

Drugs that are bacteriostatic

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The key characteristic of a useful antimicrobial is selective toxicity.

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Antibiotics that are most likely to disrupt the normal flora are termed

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The major class(es) of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis is/are

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The use of Salvarsan and Prontosil to treat microbial infections were early examples of

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A commercial modification of the disk diffusion test is called the

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The lowest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a microorganism is the

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Fluoroquinolones typically target

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Sulfonamides work as

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Antimicrobials that kill microorganisms have the suffix

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Drugs that are more effective when taken together are called

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The diffusion bioassay

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Spontaneous development of resistance to a particular antimicrobial is difficult if the drug

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The first example of an antimicrobial drug synthesized in the laboratory was

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Explain how using a combination of two antimicrobial drugs helps prevent the development of spontaneously resistant mutants.

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A high therapeutic index is

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Which of the following groups of microorganisms produces antibiotics?

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Why are nucleoside analogs active only against replicating viruses?

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The most common method of transfer of antimicrobial resistance is through the use of

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Why would co-administration of a bacteriostatic drug interfere with the effects of penicillin?

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