Question 1

Paula examined differences in college persistence between students who took the SAT either before their junior year or during their junior year of high school. She compared students with the same score and found that students had taken the SAT before their junior year of high school were more likely to stay in college than those who had taken the SAT during their junior year. Paula employed which method for controlling the extraneous variable, performance, in her study?

Accepted Answer

A)   Matching
B)   Comparing homogeneous subgroups
C)   Analysis of covariance (ANCOV
A)  
D)   Manipulation of independent variableE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 2

Of the following, which is an example of a retrospective causal-comparative approach?

Accepted Answer

A)   Allison believed allowing students open campus for lunch would promote better school attendance so she allowed one high school in the district to have open campus while the maintained their closed campus. She then assessed differences in attendance at the end of the semester.
B)   Ben was interested in the benefits of outdoor recess on classroom behavior. One class he had take year-round outdoor recess and the other he scheduled for indoor recess in the gym. At the end of the school year he examined referrals for classroom management for both classes.
C)   James hypothesized that adults who were scouts as children would possess more sophisticated environmental attitudes. He compared the environmental attitudes of adults who were scouts to those of adults who were not scouts.
D)   Lisa was curious whether after-school snacks promoted healthier dinner eating habits so she compared children from one day care setting that provided after school snacks to one that did not. At the end of the semester she had parents rate dinner eating behaviors for both groups of children.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 3

Carol conducted a causal-comparative study of the effects of attendance on math achievement. She found a statistically significant relationship between math achievement and school attendance. What would be the most appropriate next step?

Accepted Answer

A)   Conclude that math achievement causes improved attendance
B)   Conclude that attendance causes improve math achievement
C)   Conduct an ANOVA to examine achievement for each level of attendance
D)   Examine reverse causality to proceed cautiously with interpretationE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 4

Gretchen is comparing second grade students' spelling ability across three existing groups. One group has had phonemic instruction, one group has used invented spelling, and the final group has had weekly spelling activities with high frequency words. Gretchen will likely use which of the following data analysis techniques to examine differences between these groups on a spelling test?

Accepted Answer

A)   Chi Square
B)   T test
C)   Pearson r
D)   ANOVAE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X1 O
C X2 O

Accepted Answer

A)   Susan compares mathematics achievement scores between those students who received after school instruction and those who did not.
B)   Susan compares self-esteem levels of children who are in ability grouped versus non-ability grouped classrooms.
C)   Susan examines the relationship between school violence incidences and number of children in a typical class.
D)   Susan describes how fathers and mothers feel about moral education curriculum legislation.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 6

Nala wants to determine if providing awards for science fair winners increases or decreases participation by average students. She thinks that by promoting science as a competition some children may decide not to participate. To address this question, Nala identifies two types of schools in her district, schools that provide awards or schools that do not. She compares the participation rate of students in her two groups. Given Nala's study, what is the dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)   School location
B)   Student achievement
C)   School type
D)   Participation rateE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 7

Which is most typical of an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?

Accepted Answer

A)   Achievement
B)   Gender
C)   Intelligence
D)   AttitudeE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 8

In contrast to experimental research, causal-comparative studies generally

Accepted Answer

A)   randomly assign participants.
B)   can establish causation.
C)   do not manipulate independent variables.
D)   examine relationships between two variables.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 9

Which of the following is most likely a dependent variable in a causal-comparative study?

Accepted Answer

A)   Gender
B)   Ethnicity
C)   Achievement
D)   Grade levelE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 10

The following are primary statistical procedure employed to analyze data in a causal-comparative study EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)   Spearman rho.
B)   ANOVA.
C)   t test.
D)   chi square.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 11

One strength of causal-comparative studies, in comparison to experimental studies, is that causal-comparative studies can examine _____________ while experimental studies can not.

Accepted Answer

A)   more than one dependent variable
B)   causal relationships among variables
C)   variables that should not be manipulated
D)   variables that can be manipulatedE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 12

Causal comparative and experimental research both

Accepted Answer

A)   examine differences between groups.
B)   manipulate the independent variable(s)  in the study.
C)   assign participants to conditions.
D)   have the same ethical considerations when considering independent variables.E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 13

Steve studies diet and endurance during extended swim practices. Which of the following represents a causal-comparative research question he might examine?

Accepted Answer

A)   Is there a relationship between calories consumed at breakfast and endurance during after-school practice?
B)   Are there differences between year-round swimmers' versus summer swimmers' endurance after 12 weeks of winter practice?
C)   What is the typical fatigue response in ninth grade female swimmers?
D)   How long does the typical competitive middle school swimmer train before he first shows signs of fatigue?E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 14

Of the following, which is most likely to be an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?

Accepted Answer

A)   Mathematics achievement
B)   Time to complete a problem
C)   Amount of content learned from instructional materials
D)   Type of instructional treatment administeredE) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 15

Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X O
C O

Accepted Answer

A)   Susan compares mathematics achievement scores between those students who received after school instruction and those who did not.
B)   Susan compares number self-esteem levels of children who are in ability grouped versus non-ability grouped classrooms.
C)   Susan examines the relationship between school violence incidences and number of children in a typical class.
D)   Susan describes how fathers and mothers feel about moral education curriculum legislation.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 16

The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of spread around the mean is the

Accepted Answer

A)   range.
B)   standard deviation.
C)   mean.
D)   t test.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 17

Diana examines violence prevention programs. She is interested in the differences in number of referrals for violent behavior between two schools. One school has implemented a violence prevention program and the other has not. Diana is likely to use which of the following statistical procedures to analyze her data?

Accepted Answer

A)   Chi Square
B)   T test
C)   Pearson r
D)   ANOVAE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 18

Of the following, which likely describes a causal-comparative study?

Accepted Answer

A)   The hygiene procedures followed during a day in a high school alternative schooling environment
B)   The differences between mathematics learning outcomes in traditional and alternative schooling
C)   The relationship between alternative schooling and later youth criminal offenses in urban youth offenders
D)   The qualifications or credentials of teachers in a typical alternative school located in the southwest United StatesE) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 19

The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of central tendency is the

Accepted Answer

A)   range.
B)   mode.
C)   mean.
D)   median.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 20

Jon is interested in the benefits of community service for student self-esteem. He administers a self-esteem measure at the beginning of the school year and then assigns students to one of three types of community service activities. After the service is complete he again measures their self-esteem to see differences. When he analyzes his data, Jon will use which of the following tests to examine differences between groups?

Accepted Answer

A)   Pearson r
B)   ANOVA
C)   Dependent T-test
D)   Independent T-testE) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Exam 9: Causal-Comparative Research

The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of spread around the mean is the

Correct Answer
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The following are primary statistical procedure employed to analyze data in a causal-comparative study EXCEPT

Correct Answer
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Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X O C O

Correct Answer
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Causal comparative and experimental research both

Correct Answer
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In contrast to experimental research, causal-comparative studies generally

Correct Answer
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Carol conducted a causal-comparative study of the effects of attendance on math achievement. She found a statistically significant relationship between math achievement and school attendance. What would be the most appropriate next step?

Correct Answer
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Steve studies diet and endurance during extended swim practices. Which of the following represents a causal-comparative research question he might examine?

Correct Answer
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Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X₁ O C X₂ O

Correct Answer
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Of the following, which likely describes a causal-comparative study?

Correct Answer
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One strength of causal-comparative studies, in comparison to experimental studies, is that causal-comparative studies can examine _____________ while experimental studies can not.

Correct Answer
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The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of central tendency is the

Correct Answer
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Which of the following is most likely a dependent variable in a causal-comparative study?

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Of the following, which is an example of a retrospective causal-comparative approach?

Correct Answer
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Of the following, which is most likely to be an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?

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Which is most typical of an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?

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Exam 9: Causal-Comparative Research

The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of spread around the mean is the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The following are primary statistical procedure employed to analyze data in a causal-comparative study EXCEPT

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Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X O C O

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Causal comparative and experimental research both

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In contrast to experimental research, causal-comparative studies generally

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Carol conducted a causal-comparative study of the effects of attendance on math achievement. She found a statistically significant relationship between math achievement and school attendance. What would be the most appropriate next step?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Steve studies diet and endurance during extended swim practices. Which of the following represents a causal-comparative research question he might examine?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X1 O C X2 O

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Of the following, which likely describes a causal-comparative study?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One strength of causal-comparative studies, in comparison to experimental studies, is that causal-comparative studies can examine _____________ while experimental studies can not.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of central tendency is the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is most likely a dependent variable in a causal-comparative study?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Of the following, which is an example of a retrospective causal-comparative approach?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Of the following, which is most likely to be an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?

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Which is most typical of an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?

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Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X₁ O C X₂ O

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